Preety_India

Some notes on royal peerage The five titles of the peerage, in descending order of precedence, or rank, are: duke, marquess, earl, viscount, baron. The highest rank of the peerage, duke, is the most exclusive. Landed gentry Descendants in the male line of peers and children of women who are peeresses in their own right, as well as baronets, knights, dames and certain other persons who bear no peerage titles, belong to the gentry, deemed members of the non-peerage nobility below whom they rank. The untitled nobility consists of all those who bear formally matriculated, or recorded, armorial bearings. Other than their designation, such as Gentleman or Esquire, they enjoy only the privilege of a position in the formal orders of precedence in the United Kingdom. The largest portion of the British aristocracy has historically been the landed gentry, made up of baronets and the non-titled armigerous landowners whose families hailed from the medieval feudal class (referred to as gentlemen due to their income solely deriving from land ownership). duke, marquess, earl, viscount, baron Whats the difference? But first, a quick primer: All of the people holding the titles of duke/duchess, marquess/marchioness, earl/countess, viscount/viscountess, and baron/baroness are part of the “peerage” of the United Kingdom, and those titles get bestowed directly from the monarch or inherited from an ancestor. Early members of the peerage were vassals of the monarch, or “servants” who swore an oath of loyalty and received land and/or money in exchange. Over time, they became a class of powerful nobles that served as the beginning of the House of Lords. The highest of the five rankings is that of the duke/duchess. The term comes from the Latin term “dux,” which means leader—and until 1337, when King Edward III made his son the Duke of Cornwall, the title actually referred to the sovereign. Now, when a prince gets married, he’s usually named a duke; Prince William, for example, was made the Duke of Cambridge when he married Kate Middleton in 2011, and Prince Harry was made Duke of Sussex when he married Meghan Markle last year. The other current royal dukes are the Queen’s first cousins, the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent, and there are also 24 non-royal dukes, with the oldest blood line going back to 1397. The next ranking under duke is that of the marquess/marchioness. The title was created by King Richard in 1385, and the fact that this new title was above the rank of earls pissed a lot of people off. Even now, it’s not a particularly popular title in England (honestly, I had never even heard of it before writing this). There are currently 34 marquesses, the most senior of which is the Marquess of Winchester, which was created in 1551. After marquesses come the earls, a title equivalent to that of a count in other parts of Europe (and the female version of an earl is called a countess). Before King Canute, who ruled from 994-1035 (yes, a very long time ago), earls, or “ealdormen” as they were once called, managed provinces or shires on behalf of the king. From the reign of King Richard II onward (yes, the same guy who created the marquess rank), the title became either a life creation (only lasting for the appointee’s lifetime) or only pass-down-able through direct male heirs. However, some Scottish earldoms can be inherited by a woman and/or passed through a female line, which is why we now have 191 male earls and four countesses. The most recent earldom to be created is the Earl of Stockton, which was appointed in 1985—a pretty recent addition, considering how far this stuff goes back. Under earls are viscounts/viscountesses, who historically were their deputies/lieutenants back when they were running their provinces and shires. The title was created in 1440 during the Hundred Years’ War, when King Henry VI, then the King of England and France, wanted to consolidate the titles of the two countries. Right now there are 115 viscounts, the oldest of which goes back to 1478. The lowest rank in the peerage is that of the baron/baroness, which originally referred to a land-holding nobleman. Starting in the thirteenth century, barons were called upon by the monarch to attend the Counsel or Parliament—and over time, the king began to summon the descendants of those barons to do the same thing. In Scotland, in fact, a baron is the same thing as a Lord of the Parliament. There are currently 426 hereditary barons/lords of Parliament and nine hereditary baronesses/ladies of Parliament. The oldest line in England goes back to 1264, and the oldest line in Ireland goes back to 1223. And how about the terms “lady” and “lord”? Informally, any member of the peerage up to the duke can be referred to in that manner—though dukes and duchesses should always be called by their full titles. A good thing to keep in mind the next time you find yourself amongst nobility—a peer of the peerage, if you will.

Old kings and Queens Sovereigns of Britain Kings of Wessex (West Saxons) namedynasty or housereign 1Athelstan was king of Wessex and the first king of all England. 2 James VI of Scotland became also James I of England in 1603. Upon accession to the English throne, he styled himself "King of Great Britain" and was so proclaimed. Legally, however, he and his successors held separate English and Scottish kingships until the Act of Union of 1707, when the two kingdoms were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain. 3The United Kingdom was formed on January 1, 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland. After 1801 George III was styled "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." 4 Oliver and Richard Cromwell served as lords protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland during the republican Commonwealth. 5William and Mary, as husband and wife, reigned jointly until Mary's death in 1694. William then reigned alone until his own death in 1702. 6George IV was regent from February 5, 1811. 7In 1917, during World War I, George V changed the name of his house from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor. 8Edward VIII succeeded upon the death of his father, George V, on January 20, 1936, but abdicated on December 11, 1936, before coronation. Egbert Saxon 802–839 Aethelwulf (Ethelwulf)Saxon839–856/858 Aethelbald (Ethelbald)Saxon855/856–860 Aethelberht (Ethelbert)Saxon860–865/866 Aethelred I (Ethelred)Saxon865/866–871 Alfred the GreatSaxon871–899 Edward the ElderSaxon899–924 Sovereigns of England namedynasty or housereign Athelstan1Saxon925–939 Edmund ISaxon939–946 Eadred (Edred)Saxon946–955 Eadwig (Edwy)Saxon955–959 EdgarSaxon959–975 Edward the MartyrSaxon975–978 Ethelred II the Unready (Aethelred)Saxon978–1013 Sweyn ForkbeardDanish1013–14 Ethelred II the Unready (restored)Saxon1014–16 Edmund II IronsideSaxon1016 CanuteDanish1016–35 Harold I HarefootDanish1035–40 HardecanuteDanish1040–42 Edward the ConfessorSaxon1042–66 Harold IISaxon1066 William I the ConquerorNorman1066–87 William IINorman1087–1100 Henry INorman1100–35 StephenBlois1135–54 Henry IIPlantagenet1154–89 Richard IPlantagenet1189–99 JohnPlantagenet1199–1216 Henry III Plantagenet1216–72 Edward I Plantagenet1272–1307 Edward II Plantagenet1307–27 Edward III Plantagenet1327–77 Richard II Plantagenet1377–99 Henry IV Plantagenet: Lancaster1399–1413 Henry V Plantagenet: Lancaster1413–22 Henry VI Plantagenet: Lancaster1422–61 Edward IV Plantagenet: York1461–70 Henry VI (restored)Plantagenet: Lancaster1470–71 Edward IV (restored)Plantagenet: York1471–83 Edward V Plantagenet: York1483 Richard III Plantagenet: York1483–85 Henry VII Tudor1483–1509 Henry VIII Tudor1509–47 Edward VI Tudor1547–53 Mary I Tudor1553–58 Elizabeth I Tudor1558–1603 Sovereigns of Great Britain and the United Kingdom2, 3 namedynasty or housereign James I (VI of Scotland)2Stuart1603–25 Charles I Stuart1625–49 Commonwealth (1653–59)  Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector41653–58  Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector41658–59 Charles II Stuart1660–85 James II Stuart1685–88 William III and Mary II5Orange/Stuart1689–1702 AnneStuart1702–14 George I Hanover1714–27 George II Hanover1727–60 George III3 Hanover1760–1820 George IV6 Hanover1820–30 William IV Hanover1830–37 VictoriaHanover1837–1901 Edward VIISaxe-Coburg-Gotha1901–10 George V7 Windsor1910–36 Edward VIII8 Windsor1936 George VI Windsor1936–52 Elizabeth II Windsor1952–

There have been 12 British monarchs since the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707. England and Scotland had been in personal union since 24 March 1603. On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merged, which resulted in the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After 26 of Ireland's 32 counties left the union on 6 December 1922, in order to form the Irish Free State, the name of the nation was amended to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927. Queen Anne had ruled the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland since 8 March 1702. She became monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland on 1 May 1707. Her total reign lasted for 12 years and 146 days. For a family tree that shows George I's relationship to Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree. Shortlist of 12 British monarchs Anne (1702–14) George I (1714–27) George II (1727–60) George III (1760–1820) George IV (1820–30) William IV (1830–37) Victoria (1837–1901) Edward VII (1901–10) George V (1910–36) Edward VIII (1936) George VI (1936–52) Elizabeth II (1952– )

12 monarchs NamePortraitArmsBirthMarriagesDeathHouseRef. Anne Anne Stuart 1 May 1707[a] – 1 August 1714 (7 years, 93 days)6 February 1665 St James's PalaceDaughter of James II and VII and Anne HydePrince George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 No surviving children1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Age: 49 years, 176 daysStuart[2] George I George Louis 1 August 1714 – 11 June 1727 (12 years, 315 days)28 May 1660 LeineschlossSon of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of HanoverSophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle 21 November 1682 2 children11 June 1727 Osnabrück Age: 67 years, 14 daysHanover[3] George II George Augustus 11 June 1727[c] – 25 October 1760 (33 years, 126 days)30 October 1683 HerrenhausenSon of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-CelleCaroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 22 August 1705 Herrenhausen 8 children25 October 1760 Kensington Palace Age: 76 years, 350 days[4] George III George William Frederick 25 October 1760[d] – 29 January 1820 (59 years, 97 days)4 June 1738 Norfolk HouseSon of Prince Frederick and Augusta of Saxe-GothaCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz St James's Palace 8 September 1761 15 children29 January 1820 Windsor Castle Age: 81 years, 228 days[5] George IV George Augustus Frederick 29 January 1820[e] – 26 June 1830 (10 years, 149 days)12 August 1762 St James's PalaceSon of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz(1) Maria Fitzherbert Park Lane 15 September 1785 No verified children(2) Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel St James's Palace 8 April 1795 1 daughter26 June 1830 Windsor Castle Age: 67 years, 318 days[6] William IV William Henry 26 June 1830[f] – 20 June 1837 (6 years, 360 days)21 August 1765 Buckingham PalaceSon of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-StrelitzAdelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Kew Palace 13 July 1818 2 daughters20 June 1837 Windsor Castle Age: 71 years, 303 days[7] Victoria Alexandrina Victoria 20 June 1837[g] – 22 January 1901 (63 years, 217 days)24 May 1819 Kensington PalaceDaughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldAlbert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha St James's Palace 10 February 1840 9 children22 January 1901 Osborne House Age: 81 years, 243 days[8] Edward VII Albert Edward 22 January 1901[h] – 6 May 1910 (9 years, 105 days)9 November 1841 Buckingham PalaceSon of Victoria and Albert of Saxe-Coburg-GothaAlexandra of Denmark St George's Chapel 10 March 1863 6 children6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace Age: 68 years, 178 daysSaxe-Coburg and Gotha[9] George V George Frederick Ernest Albert 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 (25 years, 260 days)3 June 1865 Marlborough HouseSon of Edward VII and Alexandra of DenmarkMary of Teck St James's Palace 6 July 1893 6 children20 January 1936 Sandringham House Age: 70 years, 231 daysSaxe-Coburg and Gotha (1865–1917) and Windsor (1917–1936)[ii][11] Edward VIII Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David 20 January 1936[j] – Abdicated 11 December 1936 (327 days)23 June 1894 White LodgeSon of George V and Mary of TeckWallis Simpson Château de Candé 3 June 1937 No children28 May 1972 Neuilly-sur-Seine Age: 77 years, 340 daysWindsor[12] George VI Albert Frederick Arthur George 11 December 1936[k] – 6 February 1952 (15 years, 58 days)14 December 1895 Sandringham HouseSon of George V and Mary of TeckElizabeth Bowes-Lyon Westminster Abbey 26 April 1923 2 daughters6 February 1952 Sandringham House Age: 56 years, 54 days[13] Elizabeth II Elizabeth Alexandra Mary 6 February 1952[l] – Present 69 years, 36 days21 April 1926 MayfairDaughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Older Queens and Kings.

The Royal lineage

This is especially evident when we see the documentary of Princess Alice

I don't know why but even if these Royal documentaries aren't relatable, they are giving me super high energy and a sort of inspiration for life. Partly because much of the Royalty, if you forget the modern Royals for a minute, dealt with war and disaster in their kingdom. Royal rules were much harder and stricter back in the beginning of the 20th century, life was quite hard for everyone back then, moreso because a greater part of this century was spent in wars and political strife between almost all European countries and even America.. This was largely a difficult era for Europe. Hunger, bombs, famine, unemployment, lack of medical care were a common feature in this era. Hitler was responsible for much of the suffering in Europe, igniting unnecessary wars with his mania to bring the whole world under his thumb. It contributed to great suffering. I have no idea how Europe survived this cultural Holocaust. Thats why these documentaries especially of the last 2 centuries are very inspiring and a reminder that all hope is not lost.

I have difficulty with memory too.

@Hello from Russia looks like this.

The dream went like this. It created fear. There was some nuclear activity going on next to my house There were large entities in the air like aliens and it was absolutely terrifying to watch.

A saucepan

Universal Basic Income Money associated with conscious things to have greater value. Equitable distribution of money Money obtained from bad sources like drug dealing, selling alcohol or porn or addictive substances to be taxed heavily along with the income of politicians so that people entering the system of politics do so with firm motive and not with the agenda to make money. Entertainment to be heavily taxed as most people in that industry are just overpaid for nonsense. Some stage Green outtakes towards money.

These royal documentaries are really quite interesting. One thing I saw running constantly through these documentaries is the notion of the stiff upper lip. I'm not sure if this is a normal British cultural thing or simply a Royal thing.

@Dumuzzi If the land is given out as lease, (that amount of land) I can only imagine the rent incurred on this land, if any, that's a huge amount in the coffers for the Royals. I read somewhere they are worth $77 billion.

Horrible. They totally violated her basic human rights How could a mother do this?

Facetious Battier

Also steel pots and pans tend to yellow over time. Not sure what that implies.

I always use steel milk pans for making tea every morning. Hehe. I bought a super expensive steel stock pot.

I saw a bunch of favorable or desirable (not in terms of appearance) Royals (especially women) from the British Monarchy while sifting through these documentaries. Some of them are Princess Anne Princess Diana Queen Elizabeth the 2nd, the current monarch Princess Alice The Queen Mother (mother of the current monarch) Princess Margaret And the male figures I'm trying to get info on. Prince Philip Prince Charles Prince Andrew Out of alll the women studied in the past few days, my personality is very much like that of Princess Alice, slightly eccentric, traditional, religious, with mental health issues, struggling with disabilities, and yet believing in the power of the human spirit over circumstances. I most resonate with her.

There can be a friendly positive form of chaos that helps us to detach from tradition, wander off and then find and explore new dimensions and schools of thought. Yet a very harmful form of chaos where we spend all days on rumination, arguments and social media. The real thing to understand is what we miss out on while engaging in such chaos New Learning Self Improvement and Grooming and self care Self respect Important issues and problems Major obstacles Overall growth Progress

Also one of the reasons why the Monarchy in the spotlight has got to do with the popular TV series "The Crown" being broadcasted on Netflix. Found another gem of a documentary.

I have no idea why suddenly a plethora of favorable documentaries about the British Monarchy are popping up everywhere on YouTube right in this week following the Markle interview with Oprah. Maybe damage control on the part of the Royals. But I'm not complaining. On the contrary, I'm quite intrigued as I'm learning more about the British Monarchy.

I'm not sure how much of this is true but nevertheless this is quite an interesting documentary.